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Herschel Grynszpan
Herschel Feibel Grynszpan ((ドイツ語:Hermann Grünspan)) (28 March 1921 — last known to be alive 1942, declared dead 1960) was a Polish-Jewish refugee, born in Germany. His assassination of the Nazi German diplomat Ernst vom Rath on 7 November 1938 in Paris provided the Nazis with the pretext for the ''Kristallnacht'', the antisemitic pogrom of 9–10 November 1938. Grynszpan was seized by the Gestapo after the German invasion of France and brought to Germany.
Grynszpan's fate is unknown. However, he most probably did not survive World War II.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206321.pdf )〕
==Early years==
Herschel Grynszpan was born in Hanover, Germany. His parents, Sendel and Riva were Polish Jews who had emigrated from Poland in 1911 and settled in Hanover, where Sendel opened a tailor's shop, from which the family made a modest living. Because of the German Citizenship Law of 1913, based on the principles of Jus sanguinis, Grynszpan was never a German citizen despite being born in Germany.〔Steinweis, Alan "The Trials of Herschel Grynszpan: Anti-Jewish Policy and German Propaganda, 1938-1942" pages 471-488 from ''German Studies Review'', Volume 31, Issue #3, October 2008 page 472〕 They became Polish citizens after World War I, and retained that status during their years in Germany. Herschel was the youngest of six children, only three of whom survived childhood. The first child was stillborn in 1912. The second child, daughter Sophie Helena, born in 1914, died in 1928 of scarlet fever. A daughter Esther was born on 31 January 1916, and a son, Mordechai, on 29 August 1919. A fifth child, Salomone, was born in 1920 and died in 1931 in a road accident. On 28 March 1921, Herschel was born.
The Grynszpan family were ' ("Eastern Jews") as the Germans described Jews from Eastern Europe. The ''Ostjuden'' usually spoke Yiddish and tended to be considerably more religiously observant, impoverished and less well educated than German Jews. Given the situation of the ''Ostjuden'' in Germany, unlike German Jews who tended to see themselves as Germans first and Jews second, Grynszpan grew up with an intense sense of his Jewishness, and always regarded himself as a first and foremost as a Jew. Grynszpan dropped out of school at the age of 14.〔Schmitteroth, Linda & Rosteck, Mary Kay ''People of the Holocaust'', U-X-L: Detroit, 1998 page 198〕 As a student, Grynszpan was considered by his teachers to be an intelligent, if rather lazy, student who never seemed to try to excel at his studies.〔 Grynszpan himself later complained that his teachers disliked him because he was an ''Ostjude'', and that he was treated as an "outcast" both by his German teachers and fellow students.〔 As a child and a teenager, Grynszpan was well known for his violent temper, and his tendency to respond to any anti-Semitic insult with his fists, leading him to be frequently suspended from school for the fights that he was always getting into.〔
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